Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Definition Baker’s cyst, also called a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling located behind the knee. It may vary in size, from small to large. It is a fluid-filled cyst, not a solid tumor. The cyst should transilluminate. Anatomy and Pathophysiology The […]
-Hip and Knee
Hip Imaging Radiograph and MRI
Courtesy: Dr T Vail, Ashok Shyam TV, Ortho Imaging of the Hip 1. Why Hip Imaging Matters Hip imaging is not simply about identifying pathology. It helps us understand: Hip morphology Hip biomechanics Relationship between the femur and pelvis Leg length Femoral offset Acetabular coverage Cartilage and labral pathology Femoroacetabular impingement Wear and osteolysis The […]
Painful and Stiff Knee
Courtesy: Dr T Vail, Ashok Shyam TV, Ortho Stiff and Painful Knee After Total Knee Replacement 1. Basic Concept Total knee replacement works well in the vast majority of patients, but the small proportion with persistent problems can require substantial clinical attention. The typical scenario is a knee that: Looks satisfactory radiographically Does not feel […]
Knee Extra Articular Deformity Correction
Courtesy: Dr S Macdonald, Ashok Shyam TV, Ortho Significant extra-articular deformities are relatively uncommon in many Western practices but may be more frequently encountered in post-traumatic populations. Common causes include: Malunited fractures Prior osteotomies Metabolic bone disease (e.g., Paget’s disease) The challenge is achieving proper limb alignment without compromising ligament stability. Three Treatment Options When […]
Multi-ligament : Medial Sided Knee Surgery
Courtesy: Dr Anil Ranawat, Dr Ashok Shyam, Ortho TV Overview • Multi-ligament knee injuries are complex and require a systematic approach. • Management begins with: • Identifying all injured structures. • Understanding the injury mechanism. • Creating a reconstruction plan. • Determining fixation sequence. Clinical Assessment Examination Under Anesthesia (EUA) • Provides the most accurate […]
Piriformis Test, Piriformis Syndrome
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Piriformis Syndrome – Clinical Tests 1. Basic Concept Piriformis syndrome refers to leg pain or sciatica attributed to compression/irritation of the sciatic nerve at the hip, rather than a lumbar spine pathology. It can therefore mimic: Lumbar disc herniation Lumbar radiculopathy Sciatica The diagnosis can be […]
Hip Pain, Causes, Symptoms , Diagnosis and Treatment.
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Causes of Hip Pain 1. Basic Approach Hip pain may arise from: Structures within the hip joint Structures surrounding the hip Referred pain from the sacroiliac joint Referred pain from the lumbar spine The most important first step is: Ask the patient to point to […]
Snapping Hip Syndrome , Causes , Diagnosis and Treatment
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Snapping Hip Syndrome 1. Basic Concept A snapping hip is a clicking or snapping sensation that occurs during hip movement. It may be: Painful Painless There are three main types: Internal External Intra-articular 2. Internal Snapping Hip Cause The iliopsoas tendon snaps over bony structures around […]
Treatment of a Stiff Knee
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Management of Stiff Knee with Loss of Flexion Stiff Knee with Loss of Flexion: Treatment 1. Basic Concept Loss of knee flexion can occur from several causes, but commonly follows: Injury or trauma Surgery around the knee The resulting stiffness may prevent the patient from […]
Osteonecrosis Of The Hip
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip vs Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head 1. Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip Transient osteoporosis is not osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Typical Patients It usually affects: Pregnant women Men in the fifth decade of life Clinical and Radiographic Features A […]
Realignment Osteotomies for Arthritic Knee
Courtesy: KrishnaKumar, Limb Reconstruction Surgeon, Trichur, Kerala, India Correction of Extra-articular Deformity in Total Knee Arthroplasty 1. Basic Concept Significant extra-articular deformity around the knee is relatively uncommon in some practices, but may be encountered following: Malunited fractures Previous osteotomies with residual malalignment Metabolic bone disease When performing TKA in the presence of extra-articular […]
Quadriceps Tendon Rupture
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Quadriceps Tendon Rupture 1. Basic Concept The quadriceps muscle is the large muscle group at the front of the thigh and is responsible for knee extension. A quadriceps tendon rupture causes disruption of the extensor mechanism. According to the lecture: Usually occurs in patients older […]
Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
Courtesy: Ramesh Sen, Fortis Hospital, Mohali Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment Strategies Key Points 1. Overview of Avascular Necrosis Avascular necrosis is a condition caused by reduced blood supply to the femoral head. This leads to bone death and eventual collapse of the joint surface. The disease may […]
Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: Staging, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approach Key Points 1. Overview Avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue in the femoral head due to reduced blood supply. It is a progressive condition that can lead to collapse of the hip […]
Unicondylar Knee Replacement Vs HTO: Debate
Courtesy: Sanjay Desai, Ashok Shyam, IORG, OrthoTV Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty vs HTO 1. HTO: Problems Highlighted The speaker states that although he has been performing HTO since 1989–90, several concerns remain: Unpredictable results The same operation and technique can produce different outcomes. A proportion of patients remain dissatisfied without an obvious explanation. Prolonged recovery […]