Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Definition Antalgic gait is a painful gait pattern. The patient avoids spending time on the affected leg due to pain. The goal is to reduce weight-bearing on the painful extremity. Normal Gait Cycle Stance phase: 60% of the gait cycle Swing phase: 40% of the gait […]
-Basic Sciences
Biomechanics of Hand and Wrist
Courtesy: Rishi Dhir, FRCS Orth, Harlow, UK Overview Understanding normal biomechanics is essential before analyzing pathology of the hand and wrist. For conceptual learning, biomechanics can be divided into two major components: finger biomechanics and wrist and carpal biomechanics. Finger movement involves coordinated interaction between joints and muscular mechanisms. Joints of the Fingers Three major […]
Vitamin D Deficiency and its Implications
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY Vitamin D is important for the proper maturation and development of bone and it also boosts our immunity. We use the term “deficiency” if the vitamin D level is below 20 ng/ ml. We use the term “insufficiency” if the vitamin D level […]
Trabecular Pattern of the Proximal Femur
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA TRABECULAR PATTERN OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR There are important trabecular patterns in the proximal femur. It occurs according to Wolff’s Law in response of the bone to stress. There is a primary tensile trabeculae and a primary compression trabeculae. There also are secondary tensile and […]
All about Osteocytes
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Overview of Osteocytes Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone tissue. They represent approximately 90 percent of all bone cells. Osteocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cells through osteoblast differentiation. Some osteoblasts become embedded in mineralized bone matrix and transform into osteocytes. Structure of Osteocytes Osteocytes […]
Osteoblast, Osteocytes and Osteoclast
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Overview of Bone Remodeling Bone remodeling is a continuous physiological process that maintains skeletal integrity. It involves a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation. Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. Both cell types work in a coordinated manner to […]
Genetics in Orthopaedics
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaiedes Medical Centre, New York, USA Overview Genetic abnormalities frequently affect the musculoskeletal system. Many skeletal dysplasias, connective tissue disorders, and neuromuscular diseases have identifiable gene mutations. Understanding these genes helps explain clinical features and inheritance patterns. Genetic Disorders with Musculoskeletal Manifestations Osteogenesis imperfecta – mutation in COL1A1 gene affecting type I […]
Basic science for Orthopaedic Boards
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NYC, USA
Bone and Cartilage Histology, Collagen
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, NY, USA Types of Bone Organized (Lamellar) Bone Mature, well-organized bone Provides strength and structural stability Cortical Bone Location Forms the outer cortex of long bones Predominantly seen in the diaphysis (shaft) Characteristics Dense with low porosity Low surface area High strength and stiffness Lower metabolic activity Cancellous (Trabecular) […]
The Clotting cascade and Anti-thrombotic Medications
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical centre, NY, USA Overview Regulation of blood clot formation and prevention is crucial in orthopaedic practice Risk factors such as: Surgery Trauma Prolonged immobilizationincrease the likelihood of: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Pulmonary embolism (PE) A sound understanding of: Coagulation cascade Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism Antithrombotic drugs is essential for safe […]
Biomechanics of the Hip Joint
Courtesy: Prof Lalit Maini, MAMC, NewDelhi
Basic Principles of Fracture Healing
Courtesy: Dr Samir Qureshi, The Young Orthopod Channel FRACTURE HEALING Fracture Healing is a specialised type of wound healing consisting of a sequence of inflammation, repair and remodelling that helps to restore an injured bone. The way a fracture heals depend on the amount of movement occurring between the fracture fragments. When some amount of […]
Osseous tissue Cell anatomy and Matrix physiology
Courtesy: Prof Knoppy Bone has Cellular and Noncellular composition Four types of cells are found in bones: Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts Osteoblasts are involved in bone deposition The Osteoclasts are large multinucleate Giant cells with a ruffled border, and are involved in bone absorption. Bone has orgnanic and inorganic component. Organic component consists […]
Physeal Zones and Abnormalities
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA This video describes the different physeal zones & their abnormalities. Growth plate has 3 zones- Reserve zone, proliferative zone & hypertrophic zone. Hypertrophic zone is again divided into zone of maturation , zone of degeneration & zone of provisional calcification. Reserve zone is the area where […]
Types of Collagen and its implications
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA This video describes about various types of collagen. Collagen is made by fibroblasts & there are about 20 types of collagen which constitutes 20% of our body proteins Type 1 collagen accounts for 90% of our body collagen & is associated with primary bone healing. It […]