Diplegic Gait
Key Features Bilateral lower limb spasticity Legs cross each other while walking (“scissoring”) Narrow-based gait Toe walking due to equinus deformity Flexed hips and knees Excessive hip adduction and internal rotation Short, slow steps Difficulty with balance and turning Cause Upper motor neuron lesion affecting both lower limbs Spasticity predominantly in hip adductors and hamstrings
RAMP Lesions of the Meniscus
Ramp Lesion of Meniscus Definition Peripheral tear at the posteromedial attachment of the medial meniscus Usually involves: Meniscocapsular junction Meniscotibial ligament Commonly associated with Anterior cruciate ligament injury Key Features Typically occurs with ACL tears Causes increased anteroposterior and rotational instability Often missed on routine MRI and arthroscopy Best visualized through posteromedial arthroscopic portal
Stomping Gait
Stomping Gait Seen in sensory ataxia Patient lifts feet high and brings them down forcefully (“stamping”) Key Features Heavy heel strike / foot slapping Watches feet while walking Broad-based, unsteady gait Worse in darkness or when eyes closed Positive Romberg sign Cause Loss of proprioception (posterior column dysfunction)
Parkinsonian Gait
Parkinsonian Gait Seen commonly in Parkinson’s disease Also called festinating gait Key Features Stooped / flexed posture Head and neck bent forward Reduced arm swing (often asymmetrical) Short, shuffling steps Reduced foot clearance ? dragging of feet Difficulty stopping once walking starts Narrow-based gait
Xrays in DDH
Important X-ray Lines & Angles in Developmental dysplasia of the hip Lines Hilgenreiner line Perkin line Shenton line Angles / Measurements Acetabular index Center-edge (CE) angle of Wiberg Migration percentage (Reimers index) Femoral neck anteversion angle
Hemiplegic Gait
Hemiplegic Gait Seen in patients with unilateral upper motor neuron lesions Common after Stroke Key Features Circumduction gait (“swinging” leg outward) Stiff, extended lower limb Plantarflexed and inverted foot Reduced knee flexion during swing phase Ipsilateral arm flexed, adducted, and pronated Slow, asymmetric walking pattern
Schatzker and Luo Classifications of Tibial Plateau
Galeazzi Test
The Galeazzi test (also known as the Allis sign) is a clinical assessment used primarily in infants to identify developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) or a leg-length discrepancy. How the Test is Performed The infant is placed on a firm, flat surface in a supine position (lying on their back). Both hips and […]
Clinical Examination of the Shoulder
Courtesy: Prof Young Lae Moon, Seoul, South Korea Comprehensive Shoulder Physical Examination Orthopaedic Principles – Webinar Summary 1. Introduction A systematic shoulder examination is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. A structured, stepwise approach improves diagnostic precision and reduces missed pathology. Key focus: Cervical spine assessment Rotator cuff evaluation Shoulder instability assessment 2. Core […]
Tennis Elbow
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) Overview Tennis Elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is one of the most common causes of lateral elbow pain. It is an overuse injury involving degeneration and tendinosis of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Anatomy […]
Baker’s Cyst
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Definition Baker’s cyst, also called a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling located behind the knee. It may vary in size, from small to large. It is a fluid-filled cyst, not a solid tumor. The cyst should transilluminate. Anatomy and Pathophysiology The […]
Common Nerve Conditions of the Upper Extremity
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Nerve Injuries in Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus (Children) Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are commonly associated with nerve injuries. Extension Type (Most Common) Most common type of supracondylar fracture. Commonly associated with: Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy It is essentially a high […]
Nerve Injuries of the Lower Extremity
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Overview One of the most common nerve injuries in the lower extremity. Approximately 80% of cases have no identifiable cause. Involves compression of the posterior tibial nerve. Symptoms Burning sensation Numbness Tingling Electric shock–like pain Symptoms occur on the plantar (bottom) aspect […]
Understanding Ulnar Nerve Facts
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Ulnar Nerve: High-Yield Clinical Facts Overview The Ulnar Nerve originates primarily from the C8–T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. It is responsible for sensation in the medial hand and motor supply to many intrinsic hand muscles. Common Sites and Causes of Ulnar Nerve Compression Most […]