Hemiplegic Gait Seen in patients with unilateral upper motor neuron lesions Common after Stroke Key Features Circumduction gait (“swinging” leg outward) Stiff, extended lower limb Plantarflexed and inverted foot Reduced knee flexion during swing phase Ipsilateral arm flexed, adducted, and pronated Slow, asymmetric walking pattern
Schatzker and Luo Classifications of Tibial Plateau
Galeazzi Test
The Galeazzi test (also known as the Allis sign) is a clinical assessment used primarily in infants to identify developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) or a leg-length discrepancy. How the Test is Performed The infant is placed on a firm, flat surface in a supine position (lying on their back). Both hips and […]
Clinical Examination of the Shoulder
Courtesy: Prof Young Lae Moon, Seoul, South Korea Comprehensive Shoulder Physical Examination Orthopaedic Principles – Webinar Summary 1. Introduction A systematic shoulder examination is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. A structured, stepwise approach improves diagnostic precision and reduces missed pathology. Key focus: Cervical spine assessment Rotator cuff evaluation Shoulder instability assessment 2. Core […]
Tennis Elbow
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) Overview Tennis Elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is one of the most common causes of lateral elbow pain. It is an overuse injury involving degeneration and tendinosis of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Anatomy […]
Baker’s Cyst
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Definition Baker’s cyst, also called a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling located behind the knee. It may vary in size, from small to large. It is a fluid-filled cyst, not a solid tumor. The cyst should transilluminate. Anatomy and Pathophysiology The […]
Common Nerve Conditions of the Upper Extremity
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Nerve Injuries in Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus (Children) Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are commonly associated with nerve injuries. Extension Type (Most Common) Most common type of supracondylar fracture. Commonly associated with: Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy It is essentially a high […]
Nerve Injuries of the Lower Extremity
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Overview One of the most common nerve injuries in the lower extremity. Approximately 80% of cases have no identifiable cause. Involves compression of the posterior tibial nerve. Symptoms Burning sensation Numbness Tingling Electric shock–like pain Symptoms occur on the plantar (bottom) aspect […]
Understanding Ulnar Nerve Facts
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Ulnar Nerve: High-Yield Clinical Facts Overview The Ulnar Nerve originates primarily from the C8–T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. It is responsible for sensation in the medial hand and motor supply to many intrinsic hand muscles. Common Sites and Causes of Ulnar Nerve Compression Most […]
Rotator Cuff Pathology
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Anatomy of the Rotator Cuff The rotator cuff consists of four muscles: Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Each muscle has a specific function in shoulder movement and stability. 2. Rotator Cuff Tears Common source of shoulder pain. May involve: A single tendon Multiple tendons Tears […]
Antalgic Gait
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Definition Antalgic gait is a painful gait pattern. The patient avoids spending time on the affected leg due to pain. The goal is to reduce weight-bearing on the painful extremity. Normal Gait Cycle Stance phase: 60% of the gait cycle Swing phase: 40% of the gait […]
Achilles Tendon Pathology
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA 1. Location and Structure The Achilles tendon is located in the posterior ankle. It is the strongest and thickest tendon in the body. Formed from: Soleus muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Inserts into the calcaneus (heel bone). 2. Associated Bursae Subcutaneous Calcaneal Bursa Located superficial to the Achilles […]
Low Back Pain
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Importance of Identifying Red Flags A detailed history and careful physical examination are essential. Red flags are warning signs that may indicate a serious underlying condition. In the absence of red flags, acute low back pain is usually treated conservatively. Management of Uncomplicated Acute Low Back […]
Jones Fracture
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Metatarsal Fractures Metatarsal fractures can involve: First metatarsal Fifth metatarsal Second, third, and fourth metatarsals (including stress fractures) 1. First Metatarsal Fractures Key Points Different from fractures of the second, third, and fourth metatarsals. The first metatarsal carries a greater load. Malunion may cause: Transfer lesions […]
Shoulder Arthroplasty: Current Concepts
Courtesy: Prof William Levine, Past President, ASES Historical Evolution of Shoulder Arthroplasty Professor Levine outlined six innovation eras. Era 1: Early Shoulder Arthroplasty (Late 1800s–1950s) Themistocles Gluck (Germany) First shoulder arthroplasty Modular ivory prosthesis Not widely recognized at the time Jules Péan (France) First documented shoulder replacement (1893) Two-stage procedure Ultimately failed due to infection […]