Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York Posterior Approach to the Glenoid Used for fixation of posterior glenoid fractures and access to the posterior capsule. Internervous plane: between infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) and teres minor (axillary nerve). This interval provides safe access to the posterior glenoid. Axillary nerve runs inferior to teres minor and […]
-Applied Anatomy
Shoulder Dislocation Anatomy
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Shoulder dislocation is dislocation of the head of the humerus from the glenoid, which is a part of the scapula. The acromioclavicular joint is called the ac joint. When it is injured they call it shoulder separation. Shoulder dislocation is different from shoulder separation. The […]
Anatomy of the Elbow
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Anatomy of the Elbow Elbow is made of following bones Humerus, Radius and Ulna The lower end of the humerus have two epicondyles: lateral epicondyle and medial epicondyle and it also has the capitellum laterally and the trochlea medially The proximal ulna is made of the olecranon […]
Nerves of the Lower Extremity
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York, USA Femoral Nerve (L2–L4) Origin: Lumbar plexus roots L2, L3, L4. Motor supply: Quadriceps femoris, iliacus, sartorius, and part of pectineus. Primary function: Knee extension and hip flexion. Located lateral to the femoral sheath (which contains the femoral artery and vein). Travels within the iliopsoas muscle […]
Foot and Ankle Anatomy for the Boards
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, NY, USA Posterolateral Approach to the Ankle Commonly used for ORIF of posterior malleolus fractures. Interval: between peroneal tendons (lateral) and flexor hallucis longus (medial). Flexor hallucis longus muscle extends distally close to the ankle (“beef to heel” characteristic). Structure at risk: Sural nerve. Small saphenous vein lies medial […]
Anatomy Of The Shoulder
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA ANATOMY OF SHOULDER Scapula and humerus make up the shoulder joint. Shoulder muscles: Posterior shoulder muscles 1. Teres minor 2. Teres major 3. Infraspinatus 4. Supraspinatus 5. Triceps 6. Deltoid muscle from the posterior aspect 7. Levator scapulae 8. Rhomboids minor 9. Rhomboids major 10. Trapezius […]
Applied Anatomy of the Knee for the OITE , FRCSOrth
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA Medial Parapatellar Approach Most common approach for total knee arthroplasty. Incision runs medial to the patella. May injure medial genicular arteries (superior and inferior). Additional damage during lateral release or meniscectomy can compromise patellar blood supply. May result in avascular necrosis of the patella. Subvastus and […]
Pelvis and Hip Applied Anatomy for the FRCSOrth and OITE
Courtesy: Amr Abdelgawad, Maimonaides Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NewYork, USA Iliac Crest Bone Graft Harvesting Bone graft can be harvested from anterior or posterior iliac crest. Anterior iliac crest: structure at greatest risk is the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve lies approximately 2–3 cm medial to the ASIS. Posterior iliac crest graft: cluneal […]
Clinical Evaluation of the Hamstring Muscles
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Three Hamstring muscles 1. Biceps femoris 2. Semitendinosus 3. Semimembranosus Biceps femoris:- Long head: Origin- ischium Insertion- fibular head Short head: Origin- femur Insertion- along with long head laterally on the fibula Semitendinosus:- Origin- common origin with biceps femoris muscle, then separated from the Biceps […]
Lesions Of The Sciatic Nerve and Its Branches
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Sciatic Nerve Anatomy Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. Originates from L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3 nerve roots. Contains two major components: tibial nerve and common peroneal (fibular) nerve. Travels through gluteal region and posterior thigh. Usually divides into tibial and common […]
Muscles With Dual Innervation
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA MUSCLES WITH DUAL INNERVATION UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLES: These are the most common muscles with dual innervation. 1) Pectoralis Major muscle: It has 2 parts- a) Sternocostal head, which receives it’s innervation from Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) arising from the medial cord of brachial plexus. b) […]
Hamstrings and Sciatic Nerve Relationship
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA The Hamstring muscles arise from the Ischium and their function is to provide hip extension and knee flexion. There are 3 Hamstring muscles: 1) Biceps femoris (long and short head), 2) semi-tendinosus, 3) semi-membranosus. Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body which enters […]
Sciatic Nerve Course, Branches to Lower Leg and Foot
? Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Sciatic nerve course and branches to the leg and foot • The sciatic nerve ends just above the popliteal fossa , by dividing it in to : 1. Common peroneal nerve 2. Tibial nerve • Tibial nerve supplies the posterior muscles of the leg: 1. […]
Sciatic Nerve Origin and Course
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA • Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body • It arises from L4,L5,S1,S2,&S3 • It has two main components 1. Tibial nerve 2. Common peroneal nerve • The level of the division of the Sciatic nerve is variable, but it usually occurs at the […]
Brachial Plexus, Pre and Postganglionic Injury
Courtesy: Prof Nabil Ebraheim, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA Basic Structure of the Brachial Plexus Brachial plexus formed from nerve roots C5–T1. Organization follows: Roots ? Trunks ? Divisions ? Cords ? Branches. Five roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1. Trunks C5 + C6 join to form the Upper trunk. C7 continues alone as the […]