INTERCONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE ELBOW Mechanism of injury: Is by a force directed towards an elbow which is flexed > 90° which causes the ulna to drive against the trochlea Riseborough and Radin Classification • Type I: Nondisplaced • Type II: Slight displacement with no rotation between the condylar fragment. • Type III: Displacement with [...]

© Hitesh Gopalan U Excerpts from “Orthopaedic Principles- A Review” CALCANEUM fractures Mechanism of Injury: fall from height or motor vehicle accident Classification: a.    Extra Articular Fractures • Anterior process fractures • Tuberosity fractures • Medial process fractures • Sustentacular fractures • Body fractures not involving the subtalar articulation b. Intra Articular Fractures  (Essex Lopresti [...]

PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS (PVNS) Excerpts from “Orthopaedic Principles- A Review” © Hitesh Gopalan U Definition: – Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a slow growing lesion of uncertain etiology arising from the synovial membrane, characterized by villous and nodular overgrowths of the synovial membrane of the bursa or the tendon sheath. – The appendicular skeleton, especially [...]

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURIES © Hitesh Gopalan U Mechanism of Injury: 1. Direct force is the commonest cause due to fall on the shoulder with arm adducted 2. It can also occur with indirect force due to fall on the outstretched hand Features of Acromioclavicular joint: • Is a diarthrodal (synovial) joint • Horizontal stability is [...]