DVT (Deep vein Thrombosis) Factors that increases the risk of deep venous thrombosis as described by Virchow in 1856 include:        Stasis        Hypercoagulability        Endothelial Trauma Thrombi below the popliteal fossa usually do not embolize. 50% of thrombi at or above the popliteal fossa will embolize The risk of thrombosis increased with trauma such [...]

MORRANT BAKER’S CYST (BAKER’S CYST) Aetiopathogenesis: • “A type of cyst which results from egress of fluid through a normal communication of a bursa (semimembranosus or medial gastrocnemius bursa) or caused by herniation of the synovial membrane through the joint capsule”- Mayerding and Van Denmark • Named after Baker (described it in 1877), though Adams [...]

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)   Adhesive capsulitis is characterized by painful, gradual loss of active and passive shoulder motion resulting from fibrosis and contracture of the joint capsule. Peri-arthritis scapulo-humeralewas the initial term suggested by Duplay The term Frozen shoulder was coined by Codman The term Adhesive Capsulitis, coined by Neviaser, is more precise as [...]

The 2nd reprint of Gopalan’s Orthopaedic Principles-A Review will be available on a discounted rated till February 15th, 2012 Revised price: Rs 800/- as against the original price of Rs 1050/- Contact Email: mail@orthopaedicprinciples.com Tel: +91-9747093443 Orthopaedic Principles is aimed at Orthopaedic Surgeons, Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists and Undergraduate Medical Students to have a quick review [...]

ROBOTIC SURGERY AND COMPUTER NAVIGATION IN ORTHOPAEDICS The term “Robot” is derived from the Polish word, “robota”, which means, “forced labour” and is used to describe a machine that carries out multiple tasks automatically or with a minimum of external impulse, especially one that is programmable Two systems for Robotic Surgery exist: 1)Autonomous 2) Haptic [...]

Accesory Navicular This anatomic variant consists of an accessory ossicle located at the medial edge of the navicular Accessory ossicles are derived from unfused ossification centers. 90% bilateral It is most commonly symptomatic in the 2nd decade of life and causes medial foot pain Symptomatic in <1% of patients. Classification Type I occurs primarily as [...]

FLEXOR TENDON INJURIES: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT   Flexor Tendon Zones(Verdan zones) •    Zone I extends from just distal to the insertion of the sublimis tendon to the site of insertion of the profundus tendon. •    Zone II is in the critical area of pulleys (Bunnell’s “no man’s land”) between the distal palmar crease and the [...]

GLENOHUMERAL ARTHRITIS  Aetiology: Osteoarthritis(associated with posterior glenoid wear) Rheumatoid arthritis( assoc. with central glenoid wear) Secondary degenerative joint disease -Repetitive and major trauma -End-stage AVN -Rotator cuff tear arthropathy -Arthritis associated with instability or surgery for instability Clinical Features: –        Pain and stiffness in the shoulder –        adduction and internal rotation deformity of the joint [...]

ULTRASONIC THERAPY   Ultrasound is an electromagnetic wave with frequencies above 20,000Hz For therapy the frequency of sound waves used are between 85kHz to 3MHz and delivered at intensities between 0 and 3W/sq.cm Production: When electrical energy is applied on piezoelectric crystals they produce vibration and mechanical deformity of their molecular structure. This phenomenon is [...]

Tibial Plateau Fracture Anatomical Pearls: The articular surface of the lateral tibial plateau is flat or slightly convex in relation to the medial tibial plateau that is concave, which provides greater congruity with the medial femoral condyle than on the lateral side. The lateral plateau is also higher than the medial plateau, accounting for the [...]

Stem Cells in Orthopaedic Surgery A stem cell is an ‘immature’ or undifferentiated cell which is capable of producing an identical daughter cell. Stem cells must have a capacity for self-renewal giving rise to more stem cells, and the ability to differentiate into tissues of various lineages under appropriate condition             They may be totipotent, pluripotent [...]

The Lisfranc joint complex has a relatively rigid medial column(1st, 2nd and 3rd tarsometatarsal joints) and a mobile lateral column…..

Unicameral bone cysts are developmental anomalies of the physis where there is a transient failure of ossification of physeal cartilage and cyst formation…..

Yeoman first described the relationship between the sciatic nerve and piriformis muscle and Robinson coined the term ‘piriformis syndrome’…..

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis refers to the atraumatic separation of the epiphysis in the epiphyseal plate of the femoral neck with displacement of the femoral head, usually in a medial and dorsal direction, during the pubertal growth spurt……

Congenital muscular torticollis or congenital wry neck, is the most common cause of torticollis in the infant and young child, presenting at a median age of 2 months

The primary mechanical function of the rotator cuff is to balance the force couples about the glenohumeral joint to provide a stable fulcrum of motion and functional glenohumeral kinematics…..

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY   PET allows the visualisation of the metabolic activity of disease. Helps in diagnosis of malignant tumours and their recurrence. Also helps in the staging of tumours and the monitoring of their response to therapy, and in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The positron-emitting tracers may be used to define: Amino-acid uptake (11C-methionine; [...]

CONGENITAL SUBLUXATION OF THE WRIST (MADELUNG’S DEFORMITY) Pathogenesis (Brailsford): Stunted development of inner third of the growth cartilage at the lower end of the radius, due to still unknown cause. Growth of the outer two-thirds continues and, as a result, the radial shaft is bowed backwards, the interosseous space is increased, there is overgrowth of [...]

Fibrous Dysplasia originally described by Lichtenstein in 1938 and by Lichtenstein and Jaffe in 1942 represent approximately 5% to 7% of benign bone tumors A sporadic disorder of osseous and fibrous tissue development characterised by postzygotic mutation of GNAS1 gene coding for stimulatory G protein. Analysis of the Gs ? subunit in patients with fibrous [...]